Let’s look at some basic weather-related vocabulary. Obviously some of these phenomena aren’t going to be easily encountered in most of the Arab-speaking world, but it doesn’t hurt to be prepared, right?
- weather: طقس (ṭaqs) in the abstract, but جو (jaww) if you’re talking about specific weather)
- sun: شمس (shams); “sunny” is مُشمِس (mushmis) or شامس (shāmis)
- clouds: غيم (ghaym), one cloud is غيمة (ghaymah); “cloudy” is غائم (ghāʾim) or مغيم (mighayyim)
- rain: مطر (maṭar); “rainy” is ممطر (mumṭir)
- fog: ضباب (ḍabāb); “foggy” is ضبابي (ḍabābī)
- snow: ثلج (thalj); “snowy” is مُثَلَّج (muthallaj)
- hail: برد (barad), a single hailstone is بردة (baradah)
- wind: ريح (rīḥ); “windy” is رَيِّح (rayyiḥ — aren’t Arabic short vowels just the best?)
- breeze/gust: نسيم (nasīm)
- sun: شمس (shams); “sunny” is مُشمِس (mushmis) or شامس (shāmis)
- temperature: حرارة (ḥarārah), “heat”; “degree of temperature (heat)” is درجة الحرارة (darajat al-ḥarārah)
- cold/cool: بارد (bārid)
- warm: دافئ (dāfiʾ)
- hot: حار (ḥār)
- cold/cool: بارد (bārid)
- humidity: رطوبة (ruṭūbah)
- humid: رطب (raṭb)
- dry: جاف (jāf)
- humid: رطب (raṭb)
“How’s the weather?”: كيف الجو (kayf al-jaww) or كيف الطقس (kayf al-ṭaqs)
“It’s sunny”: الجو مشمس (al-jaww mushmis); adapt for other conditions
OR alternatively you can use دنيا or “world” instead of جو or “weather,” like so:
“It’s sunny”: الدنيا مشمس (al-dunyā mushmis); again, use whatever word describes the right condition
“It’s raining”: يمطر (yumṭiru)
“It’s snowing”: يثلج (yathliju)
“It’s cold today”: الجو بارد اليوم (al-jaww bārid al-yawm)